鐵藝護欄高度科普

　　Popular science on the height of wrought iron guardrails

　　據不完全統計發現，在公開高層墜落的事件中，其中鐵藝護欄墜落的占比較大，且墜落的年齡段在2~6歲之間，引發社會對兒童高空墜落的擔憂。

　　According to incomplete statistics, a large proportion of incidents involving public high-rise falls occur with iron guardrails falling, and the age range of falls is between 2 and 6 years old, which has raised concerns in society about children falling from heights.

　　2~6歲年齡段好奇心較強，沒有對危險的判斷力！

　　The age group of 2-6 years old has strong curiosity and lacks judgment on danger!

　　7歲以下不同時期的兒童身高(根據衛生部組織相關專家研究制訂的《中國7歲以下兒童生長發育參照標準》（2009年版）為參考)

　　Height of children under 7 years old at different stages (based on the "Reference Standards for Growth and Development of Children Under 7 Years Old in China" (2009 edition) developed by relevant experts organized by the Ministry of Health as a reference)

　　鐵藝護欄尺寸如何定？

　　How to determine the size of wrought iron guardrails?

　　（1）鐵藝護欄高度尺寸

　　(1) Height dimension of wrought iron guardrail

　　以臨空高度24米為標準，24米以下的鐵藝護欄高度為1050mm；24米及以上的鐵藝護欄高度為1100mm；開敞中庭鐵藝護欄為1200mm。參考民用建筑鐵藝護欄特點，景觀人行天橋基于公共屬性特點取高值。

　　Based on a height of 24 meters above ground level, the height of wrought iron guardrails below 24 meters is 1050mm; the height of wrought iron guardrails above 24 meters is 1100mm; and the height of wrought iron guardrails in open courtyards is 1200mm. Referring to the characteristics of wrought iron guardrails in civil buildings, landscape pedestrian overpasses are given higher values based on their public attributes.

　　△24米以下的鐵藝護欄高度為1050mm（多為住宅、公寓等建筑鐵藝護欄）

　　The height of wrought iron guardrails below 24 meters is 1050mm (mostly for residential, apartment and other building wrought iron guardrails)

　　△24米及以上的鐵藝護欄高度為1100mm（多為住宅、公寓等建筑鐵藝護欄）

　　The height of wrought iron guardrails with a height of 24 meters or more is 1100mm (mostly for residential, apartment, and other building wrought iron guardrails)

　　△開敞中庭鐵藝護欄為1200mm（多為商場等公共場所建筑鐵藝護欄）

　　The iron railing in the open atrium is 1200mm (mostly used for building iron railings in public places such as shopping malls)

　　（2）鐵藝護欄高度從哪里開始算起？

　　(2) Where does the height of wrought iron guardrails start from?

　　當設計滿足底面寬度≥220mm和鐵藝護欄高度≤450mm這個條件時，鐵藝護欄高度應從可踏面頂面算起。

　　When the design meets the conditions of bottom width ≥ 220mm and iron guardrail height ≤ 450mm, the height of the iron guardrail should be calculated from the top surface of the tread surface.

　　△鐵藝護欄高度尺寸模擬圖

　　△ Simulation diagram of height dimension of wrought iron guardrail

　　（3）鐵藝護欄離地尺寸

　　(3) The ground clearance size of wrought iron guardrails

　　公共場所鐵藝護欄離地100mm不宜留空。

　　The iron fence in public places should not be left empty 100mm above the ground.

　　（4）垂直鐵藝護欄尺寸

　　(4) Dimensions of vertical wrought iron guardrails

　　垂直桿件做鐵藝護欄時，鐵藝護欄凈間距不應大于110mm。

　　When using vertical rods as wrought iron guardrails, the clear spacing between wrought iron guardrails should not exceed 110mm.

　　△鐵藝護欄離地尺寸和垂直鐵藝護欄尺寸

　　△ Dimensions of iron railing above ground and vertical iron railing

　　鐵藝護欄如何優化

　　How to optimize wrought iron guardrails

　　據不完全統計發現，在全國媒體公開報道兒童攀爬鐵藝護欄墜樓事件中，鐵藝護欄的設計高度均符合國家規范且驗收合格，由于規范圖庫只顯示剖立面高度，鐵藝護欄正立面并沒有圖例。設計師增加了鐵藝護欄裝飾造型導致部分鐵藝護欄存在兒童可攀爬的抓點，目前該類型的鐵藝護欄存在非常大的安全隱患。

　　According to incomplete statistics, it has been found that in the public reports of children climbing iron railings and falling from buildings by national media, the design height of the iron railings meets national standards and has been accepted as qualified. However, since the standard image library only displays the height of the cross-section, there is no legend for the front facade of the iron railings. The designer added decorative shapes to the wrought iron guardrails, which resulted in some of them having child climbing points. Currently, this type of wrought iron guardrail poses a significant safety hazard.

　　不應設橫向鐵藝護欄

　　Horizontal wrought iron guardrails should not be installed

　　許多從鐵藝護欄墜落案例中統計發現，鐵藝護欄設計中大部分是滿足規范高度要求。但有可攀爬的橫向鐵藝護欄，兒童好動、安全意識薄弱，在沒有監護人的陪同下，兒童容易抓著橫桿登上踏面，存在的墜落危險！

　　Many cases of falling from wrought iron guardrails have shown that the design of wrought iron guardrails mostly meets the standard height requirements. But there are horizontal wrought iron guardrails that can be climbed, and children are active and have weak safety awareness. Without the accompaniment of a guardian, children are prone to grasping the horizontal bars and climbing onto the tread, which poses a risk of falling!

　　該類型鐵藝護欄出現兒童攀爬墜亡事故事件！該鐵藝護欄符合規范高度要求、但存在可攀爬抓手及腳踏面，不應再設計該類型鐵藝護欄。

　　There has been a child climbing and falling accident with this type of wrought iron guardrail! The wrought iron guardrail meets the height requirements of the specifications, but there are climbing handles and footrest surfaces, so this type of wrought iron guardrail should not be designed again.

　　鐵藝護欄受力規定

　　Regulations on the stress of wrought iron guardrails

　　1.2.14樓梯、看臺、陽臺和上人屋面等的鐵藝護欄活荷載標準值.不應小于下列規定值:

　　1.2.14 Standard live load values for wrought iron guardrails on stairs, stands, balconies, and accessible roofs It should not be less than the following specified values:

　　1住宅、宿舍、辦公樓、旅館、醫院、托兒所、幼兒園.鐵藝護欄頂部的水平荷載應取1.OkN/m;

　　1. Residential, dormitory, office building, hotel, hospital, daycare center, kindergarten The horizontal load on the top of the wrought iron guardrail should be taken as 1.0kN/m;

　　2食堂、刷場、電影院、車站、禮堂、展覽館或體育場.鐵藝護欄頂部的水平荷載應取1.OkN/m.豎向荷載應取1.2kN/m.水平荷載與豎向荷載應分別考慮:

　　2 canteens, venues, cinemas, stations, auditoriums, exhibition halls or sports venues The horizontal load on the top of the wrought iron guardrail should be taken as 1.0kN/m. The vertical load should be taken as 1.2kN/m. The horizontal load and vertical load should be considered separately:

　　3中小學校的上人屋面、外廊、樓梯、平臺、陽臺等臨空部位必須設防護鐵藝護欄，鐵藝護欄頂部的水平荷載應取1.5kN/m，豎向荷載應取1.2kN/m:水平荷載與豎向荷載應分別考慮；

　　Protective wrought iron guardrails must be installed at exposed areas such as roofs, corridors, stairs, platforms, balconies, etc. in primary and secondary schools. The horizontal load on the top of the wrought iron guardrail should be taken as 1.5kN/m, and the vertical load should be taken as 1.2kN/m: the horizontal load and vertical load should be considered separately;

　　城市道路交通設施設計規范GB50688-2011(2019年版)

　　Design Code for Urban Road Traffic Facilities GB50688-2011 (2019 Edition)

　　4 人行護欄應以堅固、耐久的材料制作。有跌落危險或一側有快速機動車通行的人行護欄的結構驗算豎向荷載應為1.2kN/m，水平回外荷載應為1.OkN/m，兩者不同時作用;橋梁、人行天橋上的人行護欄的結構驗算豎向荷載應為1.2kN/m，水平向外荷載應為2.5kN/m，兩者應分別計算，不同時作用，且不與其他可變作用疊加。

　　Pedestrian guardrails should be made of sturdy and durable materials. The structural verification of pedestrian guardrails with a risk of falling or rapid motor vehicle traffic on one side should have a vertical load of 1.2kN/m and a horizontal outward load of 1.0kN/m, with the two not acting simultaneously; The structural verification of pedestrian guardrails on bridges and overpasses should have a vertical load of 1.2kN/m and a horizontal outward load of 2.5kN/m. The two should be calculated separately, not acting simultaneously, and not overlapping with other variable effects.

　　城市橋梁設計規范CJJ11-2011(2019年版)

　　Design Specification for Urban Bridges CJJ11-2011 (2019 Edition)

　　10.0.7作用在橋上人行道鐵藝護欄扶手上的豎向荷載應為1.2kN/m;水平荷載應為2.5kN/m。兩者應分別計算，且不應與其他可變作用疊加。立柱柱頂推力應為扶手水平荷載焦度與柱間距的乘積.

　　The vertical load acting on the iron guardrail handrail of the pedestrian walkway on the bridge should be 1.2kN/m; The horizontal load should be 2.5kN/m. Both should be calculated separately and should not be combined with other variable effects. The top thrust of the column should be the product of the horizontal load focus of the handrail and the column spacing

　　鐵藝護欄構造設計

　　Design of Iron Fence Construction

　　1  鐵藝護欄高度不應小于1.10m。

　　The height of the wrought iron guardrail should not be less than 1.10m.

　　（結構與概念補充：當臨近非機動車道時，鐵藝護欄的高度不應小于1.4m，荷載要求也不同于行人的）

　　(Structural and conceptual supplement: When approaching non motorized vehicle lanes, the height of the wrought iron guardrail should not be less than 1.4m, and the load requirements should also be different from those for pedestrians.)

　　2  鐵藝護欄應以堅固、耐久的材料制作，并能承受4.2.19條規定的水平荷載：作用在天橋鐵藝護欄扶手上的豎向荷載為1.2kN/m；水平向外荷載為2.5kN/m。兩者應分別計算。

　　2. The wrought iron guardrail should be made of sturdy and durable materials, and able to withstand the horizontal load specified in Article 4.2.19: the vertical load acting on the handrail of the pedestrian bridge wrought iron guardrail is 1.2kN/m; The horizontal outward load is 2.5kN/m. Both should be calculated separately.

　　3  鐵藝護欄構件間的最大凈間距不得大于0.11m，且不宜采用橫線條鐵藝護欄。

　　The maximum clear distance between the components of the three wrought iron guardrails shall not exceed 0.11m, and horizontal wrought iron guardrails should not be used.

　　4  有殘疾人通行時，應在0.65m高度處另設扶手，在兒童通行較多處，應在0.80m高度處另設扶手，扶手起點水平段宜安裝盲文銘牌。

　　When there are disabled people passing through, an additional handrail should be installed at a height of 0.65m. In areas with a lot of children passing through, an additional handrail should be installed at a height of 0.80m. Braille nameplates should be installed at the starting horizontal section of the handrail.

　　5  梯寬大于6m，或冬季有積雪的地方，梯（坡）面有滑跌危險時，梯、坡道中間宜增設鐵藝護欄扶手。

　　When the width of the ladder is greater than 6m or there is snow accumulation in winter, and there is a risk of sliding or falling on the ladder (slope) surface, iron guardrails and handrails should be added in the middle of the ladder or slope.

　　欄桿立柱的結構模型

　　Structural model of railing columns

　　把單獨一根立柱拿來分析，就是一根懸臂梁。欄桿的主要荷載是活荷載，即欄桿頂部的水平荷載，作用在欄桿立柱上就是集中荷載。

　　Analyzing a single column is like a cantilever beam. The main load of the railing is the live load, which is the horizontal load at the top of the railing, acting on the railing columns as a concentrated load.

　　外力(荷載)一荷載組合

　　External force (load) - load combination

　　3.2荷載組合

　　3.2 Load combination

　　3.2.1建筑結構設計應根據使用過程中在結構上可能同時出現的荷載，按承載能力極限狀態和正常使用極限狀態分別進行荷載組合，并應取各自的最不利的組合進行設計。

　　3.2.1 The design of building structures should be based on the possible simultaneous occurrence of loads on the structure during use, and load combinations should be carried out separately according to the ultimate bearing capacity state and the normal service limit state, and the most unfavorable combination of each should be taken for design.

　　對于荷載組合我們暫不細究，大概理解為不同荷載同時作用時，各自的系數，并對起控制作用的荷載放大，這樣實際使用過程中，即使在一定程度上荷載超過標準值，結構仍然是安全的。

　　For the load combination, we will not delve into it in detail. It is roughly understood as the coefficients of different loads acting simultaneously, and amplifying the controlling load. In this way, even if the load exceeds the standard value to a certain extent during actual use, the structure is still safe.

　　荷載標準值

　　Load standard value

　　恒載D=0(在水平方向，恒載沒有作用)活載L=3.0kN/m

　　Dead load D=0 (in the horizontal direction, dead load has no effect) Live load L=3.0kN/m

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